https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q79LaS9wpl8
]]>There are numerous circumstances where the law requires that fences are erected. These are usually related to safety and include:
A conveyance deed or a transfer deed may include a covenant requiring the purchaser to fence the land and for him or his successors in title to forever maintain the fence.
The height of fences permitted is governed by the LA planning office. As a rule, garden fences have to be less than two metres high.
There is no general rule about whether you own the fence to the left or right of your property. Boundary responsibility is determined by the vendor who originally divided the land in to smaller parcels before selling them individually – usually the property developer. The conveyance, or, transfer deed should define the boundary and fencing responsibility of the individual purchasers.
Consider the picture left: it shows four houses, numbers 32, 34, 36, 38. Notice that, between them, they have five flank fences (shown in red). One of these four houses, therefore, must be responsible for both its flank boundaries.
This might mean that all of the houses are responsible for the boundary on their left and one of them is also responsible for the fence on its right; or, it might mean that they are all responsible for the fence on their right whilst one of them is also responsible for the fence on its left; but it doesn't tell us which house is responsible for the boundaries on both sides; and who owns the rear boundaries? Numbers 32 to 38, or the houses in the parallel street behind?
The conveyance deed (or the transfer deed) may express in words the boundaries for which the owner of the property is responsible.
If it does not then the conveyance (or the transfer) plan may employ the convention of applying a T-mark to those boundaries for which responsibility rests with the owner of the property (as in the diagram at right). If responsibility for the boundary is shared (for example, in the case of a "party fence wall") then an H-mark (effectively two T-marks mirrored on the boundary line) is the conventional symbol that is used.
If the deeds are silent on the question of responsibility for the boundary, then you may have to work on the basis of the information given in the Seller's Property Information Form by the vendor at the time you bought your property.
It is sometimes possible to infer who is responsible for a fence by establishing the pattern of fence ownership along the same side of the street.
When the time comes to sell your land, or for your neighbour to sell his land, you (or he) will be asked to answer the question on the SPIF that asks who is responsible for each of the surrounding fences. The vendor then has a legally binding, contractual duty for accuracy, the failure of which might lead to liability for consequential damages.
Fences, appearance of: Must the smooth side of my neighbour's fence face towards me? My neighbour is in the process of erecting his new fence, and he has started putting it up so that the smooth side faces towards his own house. Is he allowed to do this?
There is no law that says the smooth side of the fence should face the neighbour. Consistent with the Party Wall etc. Act 1996, there is, however, a usual, polite convention that the smooth side of the fence faces the neighbours’ property, or publicly adopted roadside.
If your neighbour pays for a fence that he erects on his own land (even if he builds the fence so that the outer face of it, as seen from his land, runs along the boundary) then he is entitled to choose the style and colour of the fence, as well as whether he places the smooth side of the fence to face in towards his own house or out to face your house.
Only if your neighbour gives you permission to do so.
Leaning things against your neighbour's fence, hanging things on your neighbour's fence, even using your neighbour's fence as a makeshift retaining wall, will place a much heavier burden on the fence panels and supporting posts than they were designed to bear. The consequences of such actions are easy enough to predict and you will be liable for the cost of any repairs. On top of that you will still have to do, and pay for, the work that you did incorrectly and which resulted in the damage to your neighbour's fence.
In short, anything you do to your neighbour's fence without your neighbour's permission, including staining, painting or applying preservative to your side of your neighbour's fence, amounts to criminal damage.
Fences, appearance of: What can I do about the unsightliness of my neighbour's fence?
Unless your neighbour agrees, you cannot: paint, stain or varnish your neighbour's fence to make it a more attractive colour; affix close boards or panels to your face of the fence in order to conceal the support rails, or, attach trellis or some other system to support plants that you wish to grow up your side of your neighbour's fence.
What you can do is: plant free standing shrubs or a hedge to conceal the fence from your view, or, erect your own fence alongside your neighbour's fence.
Fences and boundaries
It is normal practice when using a fence to mark a boundary to place the outer face of the fence along the boundary, so that the posts stand on the land of the of the fence's owner.
There is a big variety of styles of fence, and the positioning of the fence relative to the boundary will depend on the style.
post & wire fence: if the posts are of metal or concrete then it is usual for the outer face of the post to be placed against the boundary and for the wires to be threaded through the centre of the posts; if the posts are round timber then it is usual for the outer face of the post to be placed against the boundary and for the wires to be stapled to the outer face of the wooden post; with wooden panel fences and close board fences where the panels/boards are wholly contained between the fence posts, it is usual to place the outer face of the posts to be placed against the boundary; some close board fences have flat rails attached to the face of the posts and the boards attached to the face of the flat rails: in this case it is usually the outer face of the boards that is placed against the boundary.
If a fence post requires a footing, for example of concrete, to secure it into the ground then it is normal to allow the footing to lie partly beneath the adjoining land. In keeping with the Party Wall etc. Act 1996, this does not give the neighbouring landowner the grounds for a claim of encroachment.
If the description of the boundaries in the parcels clause of the conveyance, or on the conveyance plan or transfer plan, is so poor that you have difficulty in interpreting the boundary's position on the ground then it is tempting to use the position of the fence as an indicator of the true position of the boundary. If you are confident that you are dealing with the same fence that was in place at the time of the original conveyance, or at least with a fence more than twelve years old, then you could fall back on the self-evident truth that the boundary follows the outer face of the fence but this is not necessarily conclusive.
The Ridings Yard, 41, Victoria Road, Shifnal, Shropshire TF11 8AE
Tel: 01952 461541
]]>{Air is given a vapour density of one. For this use, air has a molecular weight of 28.97 atomic mass units, and all other gas and vapour molecular weights are divided by this number to derive their vapour density.}
1 Kg NH3 (anhydrous) occupies 1.464 litres liquid volume. It follows that, per litre liquid, mixed in air, a concentration of 25 parts/million occupies a volume of 26,000 cubic Metres.
Colourless gas in the anhydrous state. Very Hygroscopic, adsorbing water from the atmosphere to form Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4.OH), Ammonium Hydroxide is a caustic liquid of pH>12.5 in concentration. A weak alkali, it is reactive, causing rapid corrosion of Copper, Brass alloys and Zinc and it will cause corrosion of mild steel as rapidly as will water. These materials should thus be avoided in designing plant. A Prussian blue deposit indicates ferrous corrosion: Galvanic zinc corrosion on steel yields white Zinc Oxide and Hydroxide. Cuprous corrosion yields green/ blue insoluble salts, dependent on the purity of copper.
Ammonia is flammable in air at volumetric concentrations above 15% when it oxidises to form Water and Nitric oxide.
(In air) Lower Explosive Limit is 16%. Upper Explosive Limit is 25%
Typical Olfactory threshold is 3<>5 PPM
It is toxic and its current respiratory ingestion limits (Work Place Limits) are:
OEL = 25 PPM (17 mg/M3)
MEL = 35 PPM (24 mg/M3).
At concentrations over 1700 PPM, it can cause death after about 30 minutes. At 1% volume death will take less than 5 minutes.
Uses: Refrigeration plant, Production of explosives, fertilisers and Nitric acid.
Storage: Temperature < 60 C in compressed gas cylinders, properly marked and kept in isolated compounds away from buildings.
Critical Health Indications:
Skin & Mucosa burns/ irritation
Metabolic toxification (see link: 1))
Bronchospasm.
There are no chronic health indications usually associated with short term exposure but long term exposure from repeated inhalation exposure to ammonia may cause long-term health effects, including persistent airway obstruction, cough, exertional dyspnoea, bronchiolitis obliterans and bronchiectasis, which for some cases may persist for many years.
First Aid: Mucosa, skin, eyes: Irrigate copiously with cold water or saline. Afterwards, apply burns dressing or Zinc Oxide cream** to reddened but unbroken, unblistered skin. If burn has destroyed or broken/ blistered skin, irrigate with cold water and apply a burn dressing. Then seek medical assistance.
Lungs: Administer oxygen immediately following exposure. Especially if Bronchospasm is indicated. If oxygen is unavailable, place patient in fresh air & encourage calm breathing. Oxygen should normally be taken in a reclining, relaxed position unless cardiac insufficiency is indicated. Seek medical assistance.
Protective equipment
R.P.E.*, Gauntlets, Chemical protective clothing suitable for low temperatures.
NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure - is defined as 20oC (293.15 K, 68oF) and 1 atm ( 101.325 kN/m2, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr)
STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure - is defined as 0oC (273.15 K, 32oF) and 1 atm (101.325 kN/m2, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr)
One Mole of gas occupies 22.4 litres @STP - for example: air has a mass of 1000/22.4 x 0.02896 Kg = 1.292 Kg.
Ammonia has a Mole weight of 24.95 per litre, so, by similar calculation, at 25 parts per million volumetric concentration, it will weigh about 17 milligrammes per cubic Metre.
1) Link Page to Public Health England: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/455704/Ammonia_TO_PHE_240815.pdf
The unprecedented move follows this month's earlier product recall, on account of a small number of imcidents where internal, intertia brake discs were found cracked.
The company has asked all its customers to immediately remove RGA5 blocks from service and to then contact Kenny Tunnicliffe at the firm's Leek Head quarters. Kenny's email is:kennytunnicliffe@marling.co.uk.
The firm hopes to resolve the issue but expects this to take more time, as reasons for the cracks have not yet become apparent. There have been no accidents reported. The company has taken action sensibly to prevent such possibilites.
To the left, is a picture of the model in question. No other Ridgegear products have been reported as affected and no Helios Safety & Rescue customers will be affected by the recall.
Since certain disposable filtering face piece particulate respirators are similar in appearance to many surgical (also known as medical) masks, their differences are not always well understood. However, respirators and surgical masks are very different in intended use, fit against the face, wear time, testing and approval. Even some surgical masks that appear similar to respirators may have not been designed to help protect the wearer from airborne hazards; therefore, they should not be considered an equivalent substitute to government-approved respirators.
In Europe, the testing for each is as follows:
EN 149:2001+A1:2009 (filtering facepieces) approved to the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Regulations
EN 14683:2019 (surgical mask) standards approved to the Medical Device Directive1,2,3,4
Surgical Masks
The primary purpose of a surgical mask is to help prevent biological particles from being expelled by the wearer into the immediate environment. Surgical masks are also typically designed to be fluid resistant to splash and splatter of blood and other infectious materials and not necessarily for filtration efficiency. Surgical masks are not necessarily designed to seal tightly to the face, and therefore the potential of air leakage around the edges exists. This type of mask is designed to limit the expulsion of fluids, droplets and particles when breathing, speaking, coughing or sneezing. It DOES NOT offer any respiratory protection to the wearer for incoming fluids, droplets or particles.
3 TYPES:
Type I surgical face masks are used to help reduce the risk of the spread of infections via the droplet route (either worn by patients and healthcare workers) - they do not have resistance to fluids.
Type II surgical face masks are principally intended for use by healthcare professionals in an operating room or other medical settings with similar requirements, but do not have resistance to fluids.
Types IIR surgical masks are principally intended for use by healthcare professionals in an operating room or other medical settings with similar requirements. They have resistance to fluids and droplets (as tested to EN14683:2019) and will have a Declaration of Conformity to the Medical Devices Directive (MDD) 93/42/EEC and a supporting test report.
FFP Respirators
Disposable filtering facepiece particulate (FFP) respirators are designed to help reduce the wearer’s exposure to airborne particles. They are designed to offer high levels of particle filtration and to seal tightly to the wearer’s face therefore reducing the potential of air leaking into the wearer’s breathing zone from around the edges of the respirator. Respirators are available offering different levels of filtration efficiency and face seal leakage.
3 TYPES:
FFP1 masks are low filtration efficiency - minimum 80% filtration
FFP2 masks are medium filtration efficiency - minimum 94% filtration
FFP3 masks are high filtration efficiency - minimum 99% filtration
Exhale valves provide comfort during wear and help to prevent moisture build up within the facepiece.
Summary of Key Differences
Disposable FFP Respirators | Surgical Masks |
Designed to help protect the wearer from exposure to airborne particles | Designed to help protect the sterile environment from wearer generated particles |
Designed to seal tightly to the wearer's face | Not necessarily designed to seal tightly to the face, and so air leakage around the edges is likely |
Different classes offer different levels of protection | Some types offer fluid resistance to liquid splash |
Some respirators are certified as both respirators and surgical masks | Surgical masks are not Personal Protective Equipment as defined in the PPE Regulations |
Require face fit testing and wearer to be clean shaven | |
Respirators are Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) |
What you Need to Know
Surgical masks are intended to help put a barrier between the wearer and the work environment or sterile field. They may help keep spit and mucous generated by the wearer from reaching a patient or medical equipment. They can also be used as a fluid barrier to help keep blood splatter from reaching the wearer’s mouth and nose.
However, surgical masks cannot provide certified respiratory protection unless they are also designed, tested, and government-certified as a respirator. If a wearer wants to reduce inhalation of airborne particles, they need to obtain and properly use a government-certified respirator, such as a FFP2 or FFP3 filtering facepiece particulate respirator.
- Always wash your hands before donning your mask, and avoid touching it while in use
- When surgical masks become wet it is recommended that they are replaced immediately and disposed of in a hygenic way
- All masks are only effcient in use when worn correctly, undamaged and kept clean
- Surgical masks and disposable FFP masks are non-reusable
- FFP Respirators only create a face seal when the wearer is clean shaven
- FFP masks much be Face Fit tested by certified personnel to be sure they are worn/fit correctly, and with each use must be fit checked by the wearer
Disposing of your Used Masks
Remove your mask from the straps not the facepiece, discard of the mask in a closed bin, and do not handle someone else’s mask. It is advised to no re-use single use (NR) masks. Make sure to ALWAYS wash your hands after removing and disposing of the mask.
The video here *, explains a bit about how we and others test "face-fit" - a legally bound, occupational requirement for wearing and using protective face-masks, or respirators .
Watching through to the end will help understanding why the UK HSE suggests that viral transmission is over fifteen times greater than when using an approved mask.
At close quarters, an FFP3 mask, for instance, will measurably offer around between twenty and fifty times more protection than a, so called, "surgical" mask.
When considering small SARS2-19 viral particles, for instance, one must acknowledge that although viable, viral particulate will range between about 80 and 130 nanometres (a Nanometre is a thousand millionth of a Metre) - too small to filter - these particles need transport to establish a new host cell.
Thus, they will usually need a water vapour particle for transport. Typically, the diameter of such water particles or droplets will be between 1000 and 1000000 Nanometres in diameter, and it is therefore this range of sizes against which a mask should protect, to be effective.
An N95 mask (recently a popular subject) is nomenclature simply referring to the mask having been tested to remove nineteen twentieths of incident particulate under certain conditions. The range of particulate size tested here is between 0,5 and > 40 Microns (Micron = a millionth of a Meter).
Respirable particulate is commonly defined as the particles able to penetrate the smallest bronchioles and alveolar sacs - roughly 0,5 to ten Microns. Biological particulate, of course, does not play by the same rules of pathology as do biologically inert bits and pieces of similar size and that makes the science of keeping safe against viruses imprecise, compared to that of predicting disease caused by occupational dusts.
In summary, for facemasks to be most effective in helping disease spread, an approved mask, tested to remove the aerosol described, offers many time the reduction in disease transmission.
The HSE has published much work to this effect and the reader will be interested to note the paper referred here and upon which results some of my remarks have been made. https://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr619.pdf
Thanks for listening:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NsHfBQw42w *
References: HSE, Protec/Bunzl and othersfor this article summarising key differences.
It is past time for National and Federal Authorities to take action against this dangerous trend that endangers our roads at night.
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I replied to those promoting inadequate (better than nothing) masks as follows; explaining the rational and the law in EU countries (and mirrored in the USA, Canada and Australia -
"Medical Grade" face masks offer very little protection from viral particles or even from much larger bacteria. They are designed simply to discourage cross contamination and do not provide anywhere near to reliable protection from aerosol borne threats, like viruses.
Proper respirators are needed for effective protection, such as those marked and approved to the following standards - as required under PPE Regulations.
and which say: (HSE HSG53)
"RPE used at work must be manufactured in accordance with the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 2002.4 In practice, this means you need to use CE-marked equipment. The CE mark on RPE tells you that the equipment has met the minimum legal requirements for its design. 34 This marking appears as the letters ‘CE’ and a four-digit code that identifies the body responsible for checking manufacturing quality (see Figure 3). 35 CE marking does not indicate that an RPE device is automatically adequate and suitable for use in your workplace. It is your responsibility to select the correct RPE to meet your specific requirements."
....and from the HSE web site: "To help ensure you are protected, all respirators provided for use at work must be CE marked to show that the design has been tested to a recognised standard. They must also be marked with that standard, which for disposable respirators is EN 149: 2001. Additional markings, such as FFP1, FFP2 or FFP3, indicate the protection level that you can get if the respirator is a good fit and you use it correctly. The higher the number, the better the protection. FFP1, FFP2 and FFP3 respirators can reduce the amount of dust you breathe by factors of 4, 10 and 20 respectively. An FFP3 respirator is advisable if you are exposed to high levels of grain dust or mould spores."...
and....
"Some retailers also sell products known as nuisance dust masks or comfort masks that look like dust respirators but are not marked with CE or with any standard. They often have only one head strap. These are not intended for use when a respirator should be worn. You should never use a nuisance dust mask instead of an approved respirator when working with (biological agents) grain dust or mouldy hay, straw, grain or other material that could cause occupational asthma or farmer’s lung. Packaging for these masks might be labelled, ‘This product does not provide respiratory protection’, or something similar." These are often sold as medical masks, for which there are no agreed test protocol.
The medical profession is alert to the dangers of inadequate protection and several bulletins have been made public - for example:
DO medical masks work?
>https://www.medpagetoday.com/infecti…/infectioncontrol/16278
> Unmasking the Surgical Mask: Does It Really Work? | Medpage Today
www.medpagetoday.com
> For a century, the surgical mask has been the symbol of a safe and sanitary medical environment. The problem is that researchers don't really know if that's true.
Some words of support for the simple mask, which qualifies the cross contamination rates..
https://www.nytimes.com/…/face-masks-work-healthy-colds-flu…
Back to the HSE research on the limitations of "medical masks" ... You may read it all but the summary paragraph says
> "This study focussed on the effectiveness of surgical masks against a range of airborne particles. Using separate tests to measure levels of inert particles and live aerosolized influenza virus, our findings show that surgical masks can provide around a 6-fold reduction in exposure. Live viruses were detected in the air behind all surgical masks tested.
By contrast, properly fitted respirators could provide at least a 100-fold reduction. "
(And there are large differences in the viral transmission rates between the designs tested.)
>https://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr619.pdf
I should add that BS EN 14683:2019 has been introduced under the provisions for (Key words) the construction, design, performance requirements and test methods for medical face masks intended to limit the transmission of infective agents from staff to patients during surgical procedures and other medical settings with similar requirements. NOTE: INTENDED TO "LIMIT" THE TRANSMISSION of infective agents - not to prevent transmission to the staff, carers or anyone in the vicinity. The chart here describes the very poor standard of protection offered in the instances of so called "medical masks"
More information on grades of respiratory protection:
http://www.heliosuk.com/products.php…
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I very much hate making a decision to can the best product on the market - one which leaves no crystalline, invasive or toxic residues and which is benign for all elastomers, polymers, light alloys, brass copper and Nickel.
I regret it very much, having spent so much time developing it from a perfect mixture of various chain length, fatty-acid-ethoxylates - but EU rules make its continuance wholly a labour of love and my business needs profit, too.
Also, quantities are a problem since VAT and European taxation has driven most of our chemical industry to China, so that, instead of buying materials in Runcorn or Redcar, we must buy ship-loads from Chinese chemical giants. Made in Europe is just a meaningless, CE label, these days, glued on by an importer, I’m afraid.
Well - There We Are Then.
We will be continuing to make Scavenger for our own use in service work and for the production of our oxygen kits but we are unable any longer to share it with you!
]]>We've maintained the prices for this excellent product over four years but, I regret, prices must now match the increases we have experienced in materials cost and a lower value of the pound.
When present stocks is gone, the price will become £725.00 plus VAT.
http://www.heliosuk.com/products.php?product=Peli-9430-Remote-Area-lighting-System%2C-with-charger
These are also available for hire (collection from and return to our depot) at £50 per week, including 220/240 V rms charger. (See hire conditions web page for trms)
The Peli 9430 is a portable, lightweight area lighting system, with a powerful light output and retractable mast. The head can be rotated and pivoted to angle the light where required
Combining the pioneering lighting technology of Peli torches and the solid design of Peli cases, the Peli Area Lighting range is the world’s most rugged lighting system of its kind.
Increasingly popular in the rail, highways and emergency services sectors, this range is fast becoming renowned for its brightness, mobility and reliability.
Lumens: 3,000 (high) 1500 (low)
Beam spread: 90°
Max height: 820mm
Run time: 8 hours (high) / 15 hours (low)
Weight: 9.8kg
LED type: 1 watt Cree X-RE
LED life: 50,000 hours
Battery life: 2000 cycles
Recharge time: 6 hours
Battery type: 12v sealed
NATO stock #: Yellow: 6230-01-570-0962, Black: 6230-01-569-9643
Closed dimensions: W: 200mm L: 400mm H: 230mm
Features: 360 head rotation, two brightness settings, low battery warning system, waterproof activation switch, impact resistant lens
Warranty: You break it, PELI replaces it!
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Divator, Spiromatic and Sari Facemasks are alternatively equipped with two Head Harness of differing thickness.
The original (AGA part number 336 100 631) grey, moulded rubber harness produced from 1979 onwards, is 2.75 mm thick, so that longevity and elasticity for comfort and motile security / face-fit is best attained for surface use and air diving.
This harness has been provided for all surface and diving applications of the mask and it remains suitable for all, excepting very deep and saturation diving applications, where light breathing gases are used, such as Heliox or tri-mix.
The reason for this is that; at high gas viscosity and density, the harmonics of the breathing valve MAY cause occasional fluttering and cause bounce between the mask and face – not injurious but irritating and distracting. Part of the reason this had not been noticed before 1983, was that the impact of vastly improved dynamics and work of breathing in the Divator MkII, compared to the Divator Mk1 (1968 to 1981); or, for that matter, any other commercial facemask; had not been fully evaluated in the field and saturation trials had been largely machine done with sinusoidal breathing waves – which of course do not always happen with real divers.
Therefore, from 1983, the thicker head harness was introduced, not to increase longevity, fit or comfort but to take care of this particular, vibration phenomenon in saturation diving.
From 2016, this harness (AGA/Interspiro part number: 460 190 457) has been available in black rubber only and it is 3.3 mm thick.
I am frequently asked about the use of harnesses for underwater and surface applications – hence this bulletin. It is apparent that some SCUBA and Surface demand divers tend to over - tighten head harnesses; a habit perhaps given of poor face-fit and weight, on some “Band masks” and other, full face masks; and this has led to breakage of attachment lugs (especially with Silicone rubber and TPE masks, which are all much less robust)
VERY IMPORTANT
When donning Full Face masks, the head harness should be tight but not so tight as to stretch the rubber strap by more than a tenth of its length. When adjusted properly, you should be able to easily insert a finger between the face seal and your face, the face seal returning to seal of the face afterwards.
It is important to adjust the straps of the Divator/Spiromatic/Sari as follows.
After donning the Mask, simultaneously draw tight the BOTTOM straps by the jaw line.
Then draw tight the temple straps to comfortable tightness.
The top strap usually required little or no significant tightening.
Failing to follow this procedure can result in mask movement during use, displacement of diving or chemical protective hoods and potential in-leakage of water or toxic chemicals – even when using positive pressure, or safety pressure masks.
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